ترنسکریپت فایل های صوتی درس 1 کتاب آمریکن انگلیش فایل 5

Frida Kahlo is Latin America’s best-known 20th-century painter, and a key figure in Mexican art. She has also become a kind of cultural legend.

She was born in Mexico in 1907, the third of four daughters, and when she was six, she caught polio, a disease which left her with one leg shorter than the other.

Her second tragedy came when she was 18: she was riding in a bus when it collided with a tram. She suffered serious injuries, which affected her ability to have children.

Although she recovered, she was in pain for much of her life and had three miscarriages. But it was this accident and the long periods of recuperation that changed Frida’s career plans: she had wanted to study medicine, but instead she started to paint.

This work is an unfinished one—you can see patches of bare canvas behind the row of women at the bottom of the picture and some of the faces have been painted over, suggesting she may have wanted to repaint them.

Frida started it in 1949, five years before the end of her short life—she died in 1954 at the age of 47. She actually carried on trying to finish it on her deathbed, which suggests that it had a strong meaning for her.

As with many of her other works, the image contains at least one self-portrait: she is the third woman from the left in the bottom row, but the unborn child next to her may also be a representation of her—it is placed below her father, to whom she was very close.

The painting is a kind of visual family tree: at the top are both sets of grandparents. On the left are her father’s parents, whose ancestors were German–Hungarian. On the right are her maternal grandparents: her grandfather Antonio had American Indian origins, while her grandmother Isabel was the great-granddaughter of a Spanish general.

Her parents Matilde and Guillermo, who were dead by the time this picture was painted, are in the middle of the picture. Their portraits are based on photographs and it is interesting that they are shown turning away from each other—their marriage was an unhappy one.

They appear with their dead parents in a kind of cloud above their four daughters. From left to right the daughters are Matilde, the eldest, then Adriana, followed by Frida herself and then, with a blanked-out face, her sister, Cristina.

Frida was very close to Cristina, but also jealous of her, especially because she had an affair with Frida’s husband, the painter Diego Rivera. The next figure is Cristina’s son Antonio, but it is not clear who the last, unfinished face in the very bottom right-hand corner might be.

1 thorough

2 resourceful

3 self-sufficient

4 steady

5 determined

6 bright

7 sympathetic

8 conscientious

9 gentle

10 straightforward

11 spontaneous

12 sarcastic

1 My father tends to avoid conflict. He never argues with my mother—he just leaves the room.

2 I don’t really like taking risks, especially with money.

3 She makes life hard for herself because she refuses to compromise. Everything has to be perfect.

4 She’s quite stubborn. She rarely changes her mind even when she knows she’s probably wrong.

5 I worry about my grandmother. She’s so trusting that it would be easy for people to take advantage of her.

6 On the surface he seems self-confident, but deep down he’s really insecure.

1 F My brother-in-law is very down to earth. He’s very sensible and practical.

2 B My mom has a heart of gold. She’s incredibly kind to everyone she meets.

3 A My boss is kind of a cold fish. He’s unfriendly and he never shows his emotions.

4 C My brother’s a real pain in the neck. He’s so annoying—he’s always taking my things.

5 D Dad’s a soft touch. I can always persuade him to lend me his car on the weekend.

6 E My uncle has a very short temper. He gets angry very easily.

1 C My boss has a deep, authoritative voice. When he speaks, we all stop what we’re doing and listen to him carefully.

2 A I’m a cashier at a supermarket. I really enjoy my job, but it can be a bit monotonous and repetitive. I have to do exactly the same thing every day.

3 B I’m an elementary school teacher. I find working with young children very rewarding. It makes me happy because it’s useful and important.

4 F I work in a small graphic design company and my job’s really motivating. The kind of work I do and the people I work with make me want to work harder.

5 D Being a surgeon is very demanding. It’s very high pressure and you have to work long hours.

6 E I work at an accounting firm. My job is incredibly tedious. It’s really boring and it makes me feel impatient all the time.

I’ve just started my third internship. At the end of it, I will have been an unpaid worker for over a year. It feels as though I’m not in control of my own life, that I’m helpless.

Academic qualifications and work experience are almost irrelevant when you’re competing against people who have years of experience, many of whom are taking a step down the career ladder.

I’m not picky—I’ve spent time in a children’s charity, events management, a press office—but they haven’t gotten me a permanent job. It’s demoralizing.

And exhausting—job-hunting is a full-time occupation. I challenge anyone who disagrees with me about this. After clocking out, most people can be free for the night. For the intern, it’s time to go home and look for work.

I have no idea how many positions I’ve applied for since graduating, but it’s more than a hundred.

1 “Colleagues” and “co-workers” mean the same thing.

2 “Quit” and “resign” mean the same thing.

3 “Staff” and “workforce” mean the same thing.

4 “Be laid off” and “be downsized” mean the same thing.

5 “Be out of work” and “be on leave” are different. “Be out of work” means be unemployed. “Be on leave” means be away from work because of illness or another reason.

6 “Be fired” and “be sacked” mean the same thing.

7 “Get promoted” and “get a raise” are different. “Get promoted” means get a better job in the same company. “Get a raise” means get an increase in salary.

8 “Skills” and “qualifications” are different. “Skills” are particular abilities, for example, IT skills. “Qualifications” are exams you have passed or studies you have completed.

9 “Hire somebody” and “employ somebody” mean the same thing.

10 “Perks” and “benefits” mean the same thing.

I Well, today I’m very pleased to be visiting the Edinburgh offices of Skyscanner, a company which did extremely well in this year’s Sunday Times Best Companies to Work For awards, coming sixth overall and winning outright in the categories for most exciting future and best personal growth. So today we’re speaking to a PR Manager at Skyscanner. Could you start by telling us a bit about what you do?

PR So I am the PR Manager for the Danish, Swedish, and Turkish markets, I look after the, our PR agencies there and what that really means is that I work with them to get Skyscanner messages and stories into the media, so that could be anything from a big report on trends, on the future of travel, to smaller stories about where the Turkish people are going on summer holidays.

I And how long have you worked at Skyscanner?

PR I have just celebrated my year anniversary.

I Oh, well, congratulations!

PR Lots has changed in a year, but all good changes.

I And what was it that attracted you to apply for a job here?

PR I had always want, wanted to work somewhere that was kind of travel-focused. My previous job was in a very dry environment, so much so that I decided I would go traveling and then the day before I flew to South America for a few months, I had an interview here and found out when I was in the Bolivian Salt Flats that I got the job, so really nice, yeah.

I Skyscanner did very well in this year’s Sunday Times survey of Best Companies to Work For. Do you agree that it’s a good place to work?

PR Yeah, absolutely it’s, it’s a very funny thing, actually, because it very quickly becomes the norm for someone who works here, all these amazing benefits we have, so when you talk to someone else, you know, in another company, you suddenly think, “Wow, we’re so lucky,” so, you know, anything from flexible working to the small things like free fruit, to people being able to work from their home country, they are all massive benefits that you quite quickly get used to, but I think everyone really does appreciate it.

I So I guess it would be difficult to go anywhere else after this?

PR Yes, very much, maybe that’s the plan, maybe that’s the ploy that they’ve gone with!

I Is there one thing that you’d identify for you as a particularly significant benefit?

PR I have to admit what I really love is the flexible working policy, it’s a quite casual thing, there is no formal procedure, but it, it very much places the trust with the, the employees, so, you know, if I want to leave early on a Friday, there is kind of this, relaxed understanding, “Do you know what? You’ll make up the time when you can, you’re in charge, you’re the, you’re the one who knows your workload and your own role,” which is really nice, it’s quite refreshing because it’s quite unusual, especially within quite a large corporate—you know, organization—and so I particularly like that.

I Is there anything that you might change about, about the company or about its, the way it treats its employees?

PR I think, so we’re growing at quite a, kind of rapid pace and I think because we have six different offices—you know, Beijing, Miami—I think as we grow it will probably be something that we need to tackle in terms of how we all work together across different time zones, so I think at some point that will be something that becomes more of an issue, it’s not at the moment, but I’m pretty confident that Skyscanner will be able to tackle that, and tackle that in good time.

I Wonderful. OK, well, thank you very much indeed. Thanks for your time.

PR Thank you.

1 I had always want, wanted to work somewhere that was kind of travel-focused…

2 …it’s a very funny thing, actually, because it very quickly becomes the norm for someone who works here...

3 I So I guess it would be difficult to go anywhere else?

L Yes, very much, maybe that’s the plan, maybe that’s the ploy that they’ve gone with!

4 I have to admit what I really love is, um, the flexible working policy, it’s quite a casual thing, there is no formal procedure, but it, it very much places the trust with the, the employees, so, you know, if I want to leave early on a Friday, there is a kind of this, relaxed understanding, “Do you know what? You’ll make up the time when you can, you’re in charge, you’re the one who knows your workload…”

5 I think, so, we’re growing at quite a, kind of rapid pace and I think because we have six different offices—you know, Beijing, Miami—I think as we grow it will probably be something that we need to tackle in terms of how we all work together across different time zones, so I think at some point that will be something that becomes more of an issue, it’s not at the moment, but I’m pretty confident that Skyscanner will be able to tackle that.

1 I want to find a job closer to home so that I don’t…

2 I didn’t tell my boss how bad I thought his idea was, so as not to…

3 Being a doctor is very demanding, partly because of…

4 Even though I was offered a good salary, I…

5 House prices in San Francisco have gone up dramatically and as a result young people…

6 Staff will be given a bonus payment in December due to the…

7 I wasn’t offered the job in spite of having…

8 The company has not been able to find a buyer, therefore it will…

1 I want to find a job closer to home so that I don’t have to spend so much time commuting.

2 I didn’t tell my boss how bad I thought his idea was, so as not to lose my job.

3 Being a doctor is very demanding, partly because of the long hours.

4 Even though I was offered a good salary, I decided not to accept the job.

5 House prices in San Francisco have gone up dramatically and as a result young people can’t afford to live there.

6 Staff will be given a bonus payment in December due to the rise in annual profits.

7 I wasn’t offered the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications.

8 The company has not been able to find a buyer, therefore it will be closing in two months.

I Eliza Carthy, could you tell us a bit about your family background, your parents and grandparents?

E Um, I come from a musical family; my parents are folk singers, my father is a guitarist who is known for playing the guitar, um, and inventing a particular style of English folk guitar. Um, he started playing when he was 17, back in the 50s, and, um, really was, was quite instrumental in his youth in sort of building the the 60s folk club scene in London. He was a friend of Bob Dylan and Paul Simon many, many years ago, and um is known for reconstructing old traditional ballads, traditional English ballads. My mother comes from a folk-singing family called The Watersons, and they were from the north of England, they’re from Hull, which is in the north of England, and they were also instrumental in the beginning of the 60s folk revival, the formation of the folk clubs, and the, the beginning of, basically, the professional music scene that I work on now.

I And were your parents both from musical families?

E Um, really both sides of my family are musical: my my mother’s side of the family were all travelers and gypsies, my, uh, her grandmother, she was brought up by her grandmother, both of her parents died when she was very young. She had an uncle that played the trumpet, you know, her father played the banjo, he used to listen to American radio during the Second World War and he used to learn the songs off the radio like that. Her grandmother was very into the sort of old romantic ballads like The Spinning Wheel and things like that, and she used to, she used to sing when they were little; the whole family sang, the whole family danced. And I was brought up in that kind of a family: my mother and her, her brother and her sister were in a singing group, my dad joined that singing group, and then, when I was old enough, I joined the family as well.

I So you had a very musical upbringing?

E My upbringing was, I suppose some people might think it was quite a hippy upbringing. I was brought up on a farm, um, that had three houses in a row, with me and my mum and dad in the end house, my uncle—my mum’s brother—and his wife and their four children in the middle house, and then my mum’s sister and her husband and their two children on the other end house. And we grew up basically self-sufficient, we had animals and we had chickens and goats and pigs and horses and things like that, and we, we grew up singing together and living together in that environment in North Yorkshire in the 1970s. Because my parents were professional musicians and touring musicians, we had a lot of touring musician friends who would come and stay at the farm and they would sing and play all the time and there was music all around when I was a child, and that really formed the basis of, of how I live now.

I Do you think it was inevitable that you’d become a professional musician?

E Well, if you were ever to ask any of us, were it—we would definitely have all said no. I wanted to be, I wanted to be a writer; my mum certainly didn’t want me to go on the road. My mum retired in 1966 ...65...66 from professional touring to raise me—I mean the road is a difficult place, whether you’re traveling with your family or with a band or on your own, and she certainly didn’t want that for me. My dad also probably never thought that I would do it, but I ended up following, exactly following his footsteps and quitting school when I was 17 and going on the road, and I’ve been on the road ever since.

I Can you tell us about your first public performance?

E My dad says that my first public performance was at the Fylde Folk Music Festival in Fleetwood in Lancashire when I was six, and we were at the Marine Hall and they were singing, The Watersons, the family, the family group were singing, and I asked if I could, I asked if I could go up on stage with them, and I was six. And Dad said, “Well, you know, you probably don’t know everything, so just stand next to me on stage and we’ll start singing and if you, if you know the song, just pull on my leg and I’ll lift you up to the microphone and you can, you can join in.” God, I must have been awful! But yes, apparently I just...the first song they started up singing, I tugged on his leg, and he picked me up and he held me to the microphone and I sang that, and he was like, “Did you enjoy that?” “Yes, I did!” Put me down again and they started singing the next one, tugged on his leg, same thing! And he just ended up doing the whole concert with me sitting on his hip! Which er... now I have a six-year-old and I know how heavy she is and it must have been quite difficult, God bless him!

I Has having children yourself changed your approach to your career?

E Uh, yes, in a way. Yes, in a way it has. I’ve just reordered my working year because my eldest daughter has just started school, so I, you know, I’m, I’m not free to to take the children with me on the road anymore and and I’m now bound by the school terms. So I try to work only on the weekends and in school holidays now and I try to to be Mummy from Monday to Friday, taking them to school, bringing them back again. I’m not getting a great deal of sleep, but then I don’t know many mothers of six- and four-year-olds that are getting a great deal of sleep!

I You do a lot of collaborations with other musicians. What is it that appeals to you about working like that?

E I like working with other—I don’t like working alone. I don’t know if that’s because I don’t trust myself or I just don’t like being alone; I like being surrounded by a big crowd of people. I suppose that’s that’s partly to do with my upbringing, there was always so many people around, that um, I I’m at my best, I’m at my best in a, in a large event where loads of people are running around doing things and we’re all sort of collaborating with each other and there’s lots of ideas and everyone’s having, you know, a creative time, and that’s how I feel—yeah, that’s how I feel I, I work best, and that’s why at the moment I have a 13-piece band and it’s just heaven for me being with so many people and just feeling like a part of a big machine, I love that.

I Is there a difference between playing with your family and playing with other people?

E Um, yes, very much so. I’m not sure if I could tell you how different or why it’s different. My dad is very eloquent on how and why it’s different and he he knows that uniquely because he joined The Watersons, and The Watersons was a brother and two sisters, and he joined that, and of course he was married to my mum, but he wasn’t related to her. And and there is this thing within family groups, this blood harmony thing, this intuition, you have similar sounding voices, you know where a relative is going to go, and that may be because you know each other so well, but it also may be whatever it is that binds a family together anyway.

I Would you like your children to follow in your footsteps?

E I get very, very excited when the children, um when the children love music, I get very excited. My daughter Florence is very, very sharp, she listens and she can already—she plays Twinkle-Twinkle on the violin, plucking like that, and on the guitar as well, and she’s—yeah, she has a very, very good sense of rhythm. And she loves foreign languages as well, there’s a real, um there’s a real sort of correlation there between between language and singing, she has great pitch, she is able to learn songs and things very, very quickly, and I love that. And Isabella, my youngest as well, she’s really, she’s really showing interest in it—I love it when they do that. As to whether or not I’d want them to be touring musicians, I think I’m probably of the same opinion as my mother, which is, “No, not really!” But you know, I I think the—I think the world is changing anyway, I don’t know how many touring musicians there are going to be in the world in 20 years when they’re ready, I don’t know.

I How much do you know about your family tree?

S Uh, I actually know quite a bit about my family tree on my dad’s side. I don’t know very much about my mom’s side.

I Have you ever researched it?

S Yeah, um, my dad actually has done a lot of research, uh, and he can trace us all the way back to The Mayflower.

I Is there anyone in your family that you’d like to know more about?

S I would like to know more about my mom’s side. Her father was adopted, so we don’t, there’s a lot we don’t know.

I How much do you know about your family tree?

K I know a fair about—amount about my family tree. Um, I know we come back from ancestors in Sweden and, uh, England, and I know we’ve traced it back I think to, to the 1500s for some of the lines.

I Have you ever researched it?

K Um, you know, I haven’t personally done a lot of research about my ancestors. I know we have the books and we have the stories and the journals and it’s all there, so I guess I, I, I’d be interested to know a little bit about, uh, what my my ancestors did, er, before they came to America. Um, ’cause I think they were farmers, I’m not entirely sure.

I How much do you know about your family tree?

A Um, I know a little bit because, um, my dad’s done some research into his side of the family. Um, we know that my father’s side stretches back to the 1700s in Cornwall. Um, my great-great-grandfather went down on the Titanic. Interesting piece of family history. Um, and we’ve got some family artefacts for that.

I Is there anyone in your family that you’d like to know more about?

A Um, probably the wife of the man who went down with the Titanic. I think she had quite an interesting and quite difficult life. Um, she had a baby, uh, brought it up by herself, so sounds like a, an amazing woman.

I How much do you know about your family tree?

M Um, I know quite a lot because a relative of my father’s, um, did some research on our family tree, oh about 20 years ago. So, well, I know that my father’s family, um, is from Luxembourg and in fact when I worked there I tried to get in touch with some distant relatives, but they weren’t interested.

I Is there anyone in your family that you’d like to know more about?

M Um, well, guess what, it’s precisely those relatives who are still living in Luxembourg. But what can I do, if they didn’t want to meet me, oh well, I guess it’s just destiny.

I How much do you know about your family tree?

H You know, I, I know a little bit about my family tree because I was lucky enough to grow up with having great-grandparents in my life until about, like, ninth grade, so I know a lot from them and they told me a lot of stories about their parents and grandparents, but it doesn’t go much further than that and that’s only on my dad’s side. I know about, um, immigration from Russia but that’s all I know and then my mom’s side I really don’t know a lot about, but it’s something that I’m interested in looking into.

I Have you ever researched it?

H I’ve tried to research it a little bit, uh, like doing the ancestry dot com thing, but um I haven’t really gotten much further than that.

I Is there anyone in your family that you’d like to know more about?

H I’d love to know more about my great-grandmother’s grandmother. So I guess that would be my great, great, great-grandmother.

1 Uh, I actually know quite a bit about my family tree on my dad’s side...

2 Um, ’cause I think they were farmers, I’m not entirely sure...

3 Um, I know a little bit because, um, my dad’s done some research...

4 Um, well, guess what, it’s precisely those relatives...

5 ...but it doesn’t go much further than that and that’s only on my dad’s side.